Nursing Home Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Home Care - Research Paper Example Background of study: The residents of nursing homes would in several occasions be sent to hospitals to undergo diagnostic tests or for acute healthcare services. In the year 2000, Carusone, Loeb and Lohfeld (2006) observed that there were about 46% of Americans older than 65 who would be in these nursing homes before death. This is quite a considerable number of the total population. Most of these long term care facility, LCTF residents would be transferred to hospitals to receive acute medical services and undergo diagnostic tests. It should be noted that these people usually would be supported in their daily activities including bathing, eating and toileting among others. Improved technology, fiscal pressures and associated services make it complicated for nursing home residents in hospitals. Similarly, the cost of these transfers has proven to be too high. There has thus been an increase concern if hospitalization services could be provided at these nursing homes. Respiratory trac t infections have been pointed out by Boise and White (2004) as the leading killer among nursing homes as documented in a Canadian study, the reason why pneumonia has been sampled in this study. The findings of this research would therefore enable nurses to advise accordingly when families of nursing home residents seek advice on where to have these persons treated. It would also enable provision of services to the satisfaction of the residents of nursing homes and their families. The purpose of this study was to determine whether in situ care among LTCF residents would give the value much sought by the residents and their families. This was achieved by identifying the experience that participants had with pneumonia and what locus of care would be preferred. The research also sought to find the differences that these participants perceived between hospital-based care and LTCF care and what would be the criteria for good care. Methods of study: In this study, qualitative descriptive study was employed. The participants involved members of families of LTFC residents and the residents themselves who had previously been treated for pneumonia. Members of staff in these nursing homes were asked to follow a pathway of treatment that would help in deciding the locus of care. 20 nursing homes were matched according to their sizes and a member randomly selected from each pair chosen to use the clinical pathway while the counterpart continued with the normal pneumonia diagnosis and treatment procedure. The family members and residents who could not make informed decisions on the locus of treatment were involved in the study’s in-depth interviews. Nurses were charged with the task of inviting participants that remembered their experiences. Participants signed consent before participating in these interviews. The data collected from 14 interviews were then analyzed by use of editing style borrowed from Miller and Crabtree. Results of study: Residents and family memb ers alike preferred that pneumonia be treated in the nursing homes as much as possible. Though the reasons for this were varied, most of them argued that nursing homes provide the much needed attention and care than in hospitals. Both parties agreed that some situations would call for hospitalization such as in cases of broken bones, fainting and operations, but not for any reason whatsoever in cases of pneumonia. The residents preferred

Rewriting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Rewriting - Essay Example Talbot gives an example of atashi and boku in the Japanese language. Women use the first one while men use the second one to mean the same thing â€Å"I.† Although the people who speak Japanese language can tell the difference, other people may claim that the two terms have different meanings. The same case applies to other societies such as the Carib Indians. According to Johnson and Tannen, behavioral differences across genders affect speech presentation. Men and women have different roles in the families and in the society too. Therefore, women have a tendency of talking about family and social issues as opposed to men, who tend to spend more time talking about politics and work related issues. These differences, according to Johnson and Tennen (p.53), come out as power differences. Men are considered superior to women since they are involved and often discuss more important issues concerning work and society. Women on the other hand, are considered less powerful since they discuss family and personal issues. Men take the center stage in the conversation. They seem to initiate and control the discourse of any conversation. Women will join in the conversation when they are allowed or when it is necessary to do so. These differences in conversations are seen as power differences. 2. Provide several examples of politically-correct (or bias-free) language as discussed by Kakutani and of doublespeak as discussed by Lutz. Discuss some of the motivations in each case for why such changes in language have been proposed/ used. What are some of the ways in which politically correct language and doublespeak are different and some of the ways in which they are similar? With the increasing need for observing gender and political sensitivity, choice of words becomes necessary. According to Kakutani, there exists politically correct language that is used to avoid political bias. Some of the most common bias words include master, fellow, king, lord among others (p. 517).

Tribal Living :: Government Lifestyle Social Essays

Tribal Living As post 9/11 Americans, we've spent a lot of time claiming unity and community while we waive our bloodstained flags with pride. Our sense of union is a warm fuzzy at most while we watch the evening news, but in reality is choked by the hate and fear that is instilled in us by the "Great State." It is comparable to the church, we go to be spiritual one day a week and live like hell the other six days, making the trip in vain. I want to attempt to unravel the bandages and let the scales fall from blinded eyes so we can see what true community is. The government in place can only lead to more disappointments and less comradery. I plan to expose big American bureaucracy that leaves many in a very closed off, narcissistic lifestyle, and find solutions in more concentrated forms of rule, so we can achieve unity through a more communal process. The first observation can be made from the comfort of our cars. Weà ­ve all seen the star-striped flags on the rear windows of other vehicles on the road, but try to pass and youà ­ll catch a great big finger from the front. Why is this? Why do we not sponsor the motto, "Live and let live?" Washington calls for one voice against terrorism and has used it as license to kill anyone who slightly threatens that voice. We are the biggest threat to the world, only it has become our manifest destiny to be its peace holder. We go and enforce our way of life, leaving other nations in ruins while our own homes lay in more destructive, less obvious ruin. We lack community and social obligation. Our era is often characterized by individualism (Firat and Venkatesh, 1993), which is the logical conclusion when government is impersonal, and the only way of being noticed is by taking personal action to show our own existence, our own difference (Elliot, 1997). The faà ade that is our American uni ty will not hold back the waters, and will only lead to a more detached, self-absorbed society. One of the most visible consequences of a nation turning to individualism is a lack of social interaction. With technology increasing, and products and services right behind, many are freed from tasks that would have previously required their confrontations with others. The internet has made it so that shopping, paying bills, and even conversing can be done by punching a few keys (all this weà ­ve known for years).

Methods of Research Essay

1. Define research in the light of the growing need for its conduct, exposition, and application. (5 points) Research is an process to collect and analyze information to increase our topic understanding for problem,it has three steps: pose a question,collect data and present an answer to the question. Research is an process to collect and analyze information to increase our topic understanding for problem,it has three steps: pose a question,collect data and present an answer to the question. 2. Explain the need for the discussion of the sampling technique. (5 points) Sampling technique is necessary in order to avoid bias in impact research assessment.many evluations and even research projects commonly suffer from a number of biases which reduce investigation to improve data. Sampling technique is necessary in order to avoid bias in impact research assessment.many evluations and even research projects commonly suffer from a number of biases which reduce investigation to improve data. 3. Differentiate the following with not more than 50 words per item (6 points each): a. Theoretical framework and conceptual framework; A conceptual framework occurs when a researcher links concepts from literature to establish evidence to support the need for the research question. If somebody else has already linked these concepts with valid research, they made a theoretical framework which can be used as a â€Å"ready made map† for other scientists to guide their own research questions. A conceptual framework occurs when a researcher links concepts from literature to establish evidence to support the need for the research question. If somebody else has already linked these concepts with valid research, they made a theoretical framework which can be used as a â€Å"ready made map† for other scientists to guide their own research questions. b. Primary and secondary sources; Primary source are very close to the origin of a particular topic,issue or situation being written about. Secondary sources are at least one step removed from the described topic,are reports that draw on research and other  references to make interpretive,analytical or synthesized claims.and they are best used for representing significant points of view. Primary source are very close to the origin of a particular topic,issue or situation being written about. Secondary sources are at least one step removed from the described topic,are reports that draw on research and other references to make interpretive,analytical or synthesized claims.and they are best used for representing significant points of view. c. Quantitative and qualitative research; In quantitative method,the researcher makes some type of comparison and attempts to discover relationships between or among variables. In qualitative method,the researcher is concerned in employing different approaches to discover non-quantitative relationships between or among existing variables. In quantitative method,the researcher makes some type of comparison and attempts to discover relationships between or among variables. In qualitative method,the researcher is concerned in employing different approaches to discover non-quantitative relationships between or among existing variables. d. Statistical treatment and statistical tools; and  Statistical treatment refers to some collection of methods which is used to process large amounts of data. Statistical tools have a multitude of different way that is available to comparison of data,or sets of data,quantify accuracy or precision,some of them simple,some complicated,and often very specific for certain purposes Statistical treatment refers to some collection of methods which is used to process large amounts of data. Statistical tools have a multitude of different way that is available to comparison of data,or sets of data,quantify accuracy or precision,some of them simple,some complicated,and often very specific for certain purposes e. Random and non-random sampling; A simple random sample uses randomization to pick your sample,that can be done in a number of ways. Non-random samples do not use randomization. In a word,Simple random samples are random samples,but random samples are not necessarity simple random samples. A simple random sample uses randomization to pick your sample,that can be done in a number of ways. Non-random samples do not use randomization. In a word,Simple random samples are random samples,but random samples are not necessarity simple random samples. 4. How the internal and external criticisms of literatures are done? Explain with clarity and conviction. (10 points) Internal criticism refers to the reliability or accuracy of the information contained in the source,so it’s process involves evaluating the accuracy and worth of state ments contained in a historical document.before start research,researchers must ask these questions in evaluating as follow:1.is it probable that people would act in the way described by the writer? 2.is it physically possible for the events described to have occurred this close together in time. 3.do the budget figures mentioned by the writer seem reasonable. External criticism refers to the validity,trustworthiness,or authenticity of the source, so it’s process is used to determine whether the apparent or claimed origin of a historical document corresponds with the actual origin, for example does the following items match:1.Author,2.Place,3.Date,4.Circumstances of publication Internal criticism refers to the reliability or accuracy of the information contained in the source,so it’s process involves evaluating the accuracy and worth of state ments contained in a historical document.before start research,researchers must ask these questions in evaluating as follow:1.is it probable that people would act in the way described by the writer? 2.is it physically possible for the events described to have occurred this close together in time. 3.do the budget figures mentioned by the writer seem reasonable. External criticism refers to the validity,trustworthiness,or authenticity of the source, so it’s process is used to determine whether the apparent or claimed origin of a historical document corresponds with the actual origin, for example does the following items match:1.Author,2.Place,3.Date,4.Circumstances of publication 5. Evaluate Wikipedia as a tertiary source of information. (5 points) The Wikipedia is not a primary source and a secondary source, is an encyclopedia,so it’s main namespace is an encyclopedia. Wikipedia as a tertiary source, because all the summarizes descriptions,interpretations and analyses are summaried on tertiary sources,which is as close as possible to the primary sources on the described topic. The Wikipedia is not a primary source and a secondary source, is an encyclopedia,so it’s main namespace is an encyclopedia. Wikipedia as a tertiary source, because all the summarizes descriptions,interpretations and analyses are summaried on tertiary sources,which is as close as possible to the primary sources on the described topic. 6. Enumerate (in proper sequence) the different parts or components of Chapter 3 (saved at least by JRU standards). – 5 points 1.Research method,descriptive,experimental. 2.Population,sample size and sampling technique,it explains the methods in selecting the sample. 3.Description of the respondents,it describes the respondents 4.The research instrument,for example,survey,questionnaire,test,interview. 5.Validation of the research instrument,the researcher explains how the research instrument used is validated. 6.Data-gathering procedure,for example,asking permission,writing a letter,distributing the questionnaire,and the like. 7.Statistical treatment of data,it makes clear how each datum gathered are explained and interpreted through statistics. 8.Statistical tools,it shows the formulas and sources of the statistics used in the research undertaking. 1.Research method,descriptive,experimental. 2.Population,sample size and sampling technique,it explains the methods in selecting the sample. 3.Description of the respondents,it describes the respondents 4.The research instrument,for example,survey,questionnaire,test,interview. 5.Validation of the research instrument,the researcher explains how the research instrument used is validated. 6.Data-gathering procedure,for example,asking permission,writing a letter,distributing the questionnaire,and the like. 7.Statistical treatment of data,it makes clear how each datum gathered are explained and  interpreted through statistics. 8.Statistical tools,it shows the formulas and sources of the statistics used in the research undertaking.

Differences Between Islamic Securitisation And Conventional Securitisation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3208 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: According to the topic of discussing the differences between Islamic securitisation and conventional securitisation, the discussion will lead to the satisfactory aspects of comprehensive analysis of the information gathered during the research. Moreover, it continues with the Islamic securitisation structure on the qualitative as well as quantitative basis according to the difference from the conventional securitisation structure. Securitisation which openly deals with the trade have more emphasis on the aspects to provide lucidity that it is riba-free (non-Islamic interest free) and its mechanism is based on shariah compliant system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Differences Between Islamic Securitisation And Conventional Securitisation" essay for you Create order We will be discussing different aspects that provide a clearer picture to mechanism that how it works i.e. structure, elements of risk shifting (risk scattering) and risk sharing in the deemed process so far as the area requires a lot more research to acquire steadiness in financial world and to enrich more on the topic some distinctive facts and figure are discussed as well. Background information of the topic: From the beginning of the Islamic banking in early 1960s which reckons the acuity of Islamic Shariah according to Quran and Sunnah brought into account as legal maxims with many ideas to facilitates the use of finance in both debt based and equity based. Not only Muslims countries regarding Islamic securitisation is worried about many factors to find a way out to enrich financial systems many other countries however following the conventional financial and banking systems. In the start and yet it is quite infant situation of securitisation because of the collective concerns of lenders or financier and borrowers. Lately, it has to move on with incentive compatibility and attractiveness for investors. Financial intermediaries even nowadays face quite drastic situations despite their in-house financial management; debt handling being a global concern. There is a wider line drawn understanding the differences between Islamic ways and uses of securitisation and its conventional counterpar t though it seems quite trembling discussing about when it is debt based securitisation. Refer to the figures shown below which signifies the basic mechanism of securitisation; providing a clearer picture to its importance. Figure 1.1.a Basic Process of Securitisation [According to Dr. Masum Billah] According to Masum Billah M., in his article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah Frameworks of Securitisation in the Capital Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, he discusses about securitisation being a prevalent method of financing nowadays more precisely in corporate sector. Furthermore he illustrates securitisation that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"where the company pooled its illiquid assets together and issued a claim to a pool of assetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"when the assets are securitised, it made the assets tradable in the financial marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Furthermore, he presented the simplest definition that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"securitisation is a process where corporation converts its physical assets in to financial assetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Masum aggregated in his words about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the assets that have to be securitised have to be illiquid à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" cannot be traded in share market or secondary market- and should also have produce cash flows over its lifeti me. Besides that, the assets should have financial value so that they can be used as a claimed against the securitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. From the above depiction, a securitisation engages the sale of a large pool of assets by an entity or the originator that creates or purchases the assets in the course of its business to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bankruptcy remoteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, special purpose vehicle (SPV). The SPV acts as an issuer, issue and sale the securities through either in a private placement or public offering. When securitisation process is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“closedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? funds flow from the purchasers of the securities to the issuers and from the Issuers to the Originator. All these transaction occur virtually simultaneously. (Masum) Hence, the above description is the basic structure of securitisation. The actual structures are more complex because it involves more elements and participants. Refer to the rainbow-pie chart which presents a practical implication of securitisatio n according to Commerz bank. Figure 1.1.b Paradigm of Securitisation [defined by Commerz Bank (2007)] The above implementation can be an example of securitisation though many different approaches and products that provide seamless structure on Shariah compliant way which lie still under research yet required to be evolved. Scope of the research: The entire research is nourished on the basis of salient research techniques which consist of a vast study of reference books, written journals (inclusive of e-journals), research papers, seminar notes, open survey from public and some online resources. Furthermore, it helped a lot as a combination of theoretical and statistical comparison between conventional and Islamic securitisation in the literature review (which encompasses the knowledge as well as defined focus on the topic) with ground reality at an optimum level. Literature Review: Before moving on with detailed analysis there is a need to proclaim types (structures) of securitisation in general depiction. According to Masum, there are three main structures commonly used in securitisation. The originator chooses between three types of structures: pass-throughs, asset backed bond and pay-through. Masum further defined those structures coming forth; pass-through structures likely represent the direct ownership by the originator in a portfolio of assets. The originator services the portfolio, makes collections, and passes them to the investors. In pass through, the securities is not debt obligations of the originator thus, do not appear on the originatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statement. Since the ownership of the assets lies with the originator, pass-through is designed to represent an assignment of a portion of ownership, rights and obligation but not a conveyance of title. (Masum) Masum elaborates that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the Asset-Backed bond is collaterised by a portfolio of assets. The Asset-Backed Bond is a debt obligation of the issuers. In the issuerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statement, the collateral remains as assets and the Asset-Backed Bond appears as a liability. The cash flows from the asset are not dedicated to the investors. The investors only receive a part of the cash flows and the residual remains with the issuersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"One of the important aspect of the Asset-Backed Bond is that the securities is over-collateralized i.e. the value of the underlying assets is significantly in excess of the total obligation. For example, Company A issued RM1, 000,000.00 of bond using the Asset-Backed Bond structures. The value of the underlying assets that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"backedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the bond is RM2, 500,000.00. The issuer chooses to over-collateralised its bond in order to provide some level of comfort to the investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (Discussed by M.M. Billah in his paper) Lastly, he concluded with the final structure of securitisation is the pay-through structures. This structure has combination of pass-through and Asset-Backed Bond. The bond is collateralized by a pool of assets and appears on the issuerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s balance sheet as a debt. However, the cash flows arise from the assets is passed to the investors. The issuer only earns the service fees from the investors. From the above description of the mentioned, we can see that pass-through is the structure closest to satisfy the Islamic principle. Under pass-through, the cash flows collected are dedicated to the investors and the issuer only earns the service charge. Besides that, the security does not classify as a debt by the originator. Henceforth, conventional securitisation must be secluded according to research in different products and approaches and thus a large part of the conventional securitisation market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example, mortgage backed securities, would be prohi bited because the income (though not the principal) element of the cash flow would be characterised as riba. Similarly, CDOs and other such instruments could not be allowed as an asset class as these represent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Debtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? rather than an allowable commodity or activity. However, these restrictions do not mean that an Islamic securitisation market cannot develop. There are many classes of assets with a long history of securitisation that are halal (allowable), in particular any physical asset such as plant and machinery, and many of the techniques used in a conventional securitisation transaction are equally valid in an Islamic transaction. The remainder of this article will try to show just how similar those requirements are, and point out some further underlying differences in structuring a Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢a compliant securitisation. Mervyn and Kabir (2007) conversed Islamic point of view of investments in different aspects according to ethics and moral besides regulatory framework and it is quite well defined perception that an investor needs a brighter depiction of profit generation to allow him to think about different financial intermediaries in this modern world though it is going through analysis time to time since many years following their psyche on the other hand banks being financial intermediary have to put through making most of it avoiding concept that money should not be loan according to legal maxims. According to Ayub M. (2007), Islamic principles can make the difference and that Islamic finance is passing significant milestones; which lead entrepreneurs not to stop putting their research on and on. Islamic researchers are more concerned meeting shariah compliant regulatory requirements. Sohail (2006) overstated that Islamic retail banking and finance is not only designated for Muslim community on ly; which means Islamic retail banking products are adopted to some extent because of their competency and efficiency, and are being used under the umbrella of conventional (non-Islamic) banks; they often call it as window for Islamic banking products. Detailed analysis of differences between Islamic securitisation and its conventional counterpart: Islamic lending transactions are governed by the precepts of the shariah, which bans interest and stipulates that income must be derived as return from entrepreneurial investment. Since Islamic finance is predicated on asset backing and specific credit participation in identified business risk, structuring shariah-compliant securitisation seems straightforward. As mentioned in by Kabir and Mervyn (2007) according to Humayoun A. Dar; fixed-return modes deals with the control and management of funds as clients have the possession which was made available by the investors, financial frameworks are often used with different areas of Islamic banking products like investment accounts based on mudharabah and saving account based on wadià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢a, inclusive of Islamic retail banking products like Islamic mortgages, Islamic auto finance, sukuk (Islamic bonds) and many other products dealt with the concept of asset-backing and riba-free i.e. Islamised frameworks. Nonetheless, financial institutions have been able to develop various forms of Islamic finance instruments that are virtually identical to their conventional counterparts in substance. Since most Islamic financial products are based on the concept of asset backing, the economic concept of asset securitisation is particularly amenable to the basic tenets of Islamic finance. Securiti sation under Islamic law bars interest income and must be structured in a way that rewards investors for their direct exposure to business risk, i.e., investors receive a share of profits commensurate to the risk they take on in lieu of pre-determined interest. All three asset types of Islamic finance are principally eligible for Islamic securitisation; however, unresolved issues, including restrictions on debt trading or the management of prepayment risk could limit their indiscriminate use as collateral. Characteristics of conventional securitisation only apply if they convey a sufficient element of ownership to investors as entrepreneurial investment in real economic activity within an interest-free structural arrangement. In addition, also administrative issues, such as underwriting standards, issue placement and the procurement of ratings, are subject to religious scrutiny. Any capital generated from securitised issuance under Islamic law is to be used exclusively used for the repayment of initial funding. Conventional securitisation, which originated in non-Islamic economies, invariably involves interest bearing debt. Although the religious prohibition of the exchange of debt and the required conferral of ownership interest to participate in business risk still poses challenges to further development of Islamic securitisation, the gradual acceptance of Islamic investment certificates, so-called sukuk bonds, represents a successful attempt to overcome these impediments based on the adequate interpretation and analogical reasoning of shariah principles applied in Islamic finance. Sukuks are shariah-compliant and tradable asset-backed, medium-term notes, which have been issued internationally by governments, quasi sovereign agencies, and corporations after their legitimization by the ruling of the Fiqh Academy of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in February of 1988. Sukuk notes convey equity interest to (capital market) investors in the form of a call option on partial or complete ownership of underlying reference assets, including the right to some calculable rate of return as a share of p rofit (secondary notes) and the repayment of the principal amount (primary notes). All three broad types of Islamic finance transactions (asset-, debt- and equity-based) can be reference assets of such Islamic securities. Following exhibits (3 and 4) provide the sukuk implementations. Detailed analysis of elements of risk shifting and risk sharing in securitisation process: Over the last five years, the sukuk has evolved as a viable form of capital-market-based Islamic structured finance, which reconciles the concept of securitisation and principles of the shariah law on the provision and use of financial products and services in a risk-mitigation structure subject to competitive pricing (El-Qorchi, 2005). Notwithstanding these religious constraints, Islamic finance can synthesize close equivalents to equity, mortgages, and derivatives known in conventional finance. To this end, it relies on structural arrangements of asset transfer between borrowers and lenders to emulate traditional interest-bearing financial contracts. Since lending transactions under Islamic law are based on the concept of asset backing and specific credit participation in identified business risk, it also appears relatively straightforward to structure a shariah-compliant asset-backed securitisation (ABS) that delivers a risk-return profile similar to a conventional structure. Howe ver, conventional securitisation was developed in non- Islamic economies and invariably involves interest-bearing debt. Essentially, asset securitisation represents a cost-efficient and flexible structured finance1 technique of liquidity transformation and risk transfer, which converts present or future asset claims of varying maturity and quality into tradable debt securities. The various methods of securitisation have much to offer, but so far they have found only limited acceptance in Islamic finance due to religious restrictions on the sale and purchase of interest-bearing debt and legal uncertainty surrounding the enforceability of investor interest under Islamic jurisprudence. Over the last five years, the nascent Islamic securitisation market has seen many positive developments owing to the adoption of enabling capital market regulations, a favorable macroeconomic environment, and financial innovation aimed at establishing shariah compliance. The most popular ABS structures w ithin Islamic finance are commonly referred to as sukuk bonds backed by either one of the three basic forms of Islamic finance (synthetic loans, sale- leasebacks, or profit-sharing arrangements). Asset securitisation describes the process and the result of issuing certificates of ownership as pledge against existing or future cash flows from a diversified pool of assets (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reference portfolioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) to investors. (Jobst, 2006b). Foreign Investment Insurance Policy-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?FIIPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by The Islamic Corporation For The Insurance of Investment And   Export Credit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ICIECà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Islamic securitisation transforms bilateral risk sharing between borrowers and lenders in Islamic finance into the market-based refinancing of one or more underlying Islamic finance transactions. Protection against basic risk; can be unless returns for investors are linked to the rate of interest on the underlying assets, there is a risk that the relationship between the rate paid on the underlying assets and that paid on the securities will differ over time. Normally a swap will be arranged to protect against this risk. In addition, conventional securitisation is virtually absent in Islamic countries, where Islamic home finance and sukuks provide a potentially untapped market for structured finance. Islamic securitisation complements the conventional ABS universe as an alternative and more diversified funding option that broadens the pricing spectrum and asset supply as high demand for alternative investment products causes greater lending width amid a low-yield market environment. In some circumstances, the shariah compliance also entails tax exemptions when investors hold direct ownership interest in the securitised assets. Conclusion: Islamic securitisation is a helpful and important tool, which must be carried out prior to the issuance of Islamic bonds or Islamic Debt Securities. By securitising assets, the Islamic way, Muslim investors can now participate in the bond market without worrying that the process of securitising the assets and issuing of the bonds are contradictory to the Islamic teachings. Islamic finance is being more attractive for not only the Muslim community but for non-muslim world. Its products are being progressive even though there been some hurdles and late development of Islamic banking and finance industry and moreover it is has been so securitised for customer satisfaction and avoided almost the pity of riba-based banking structure. In this regard, it has a more focus on the revision and research on the proposed and as well as on financial structures that are being practiced nowadays. It has been proven that many big names like HSBC, Lloyds and Standard Chartered are putting there focus on Islamic products and especially on retail banking products and securitisation products. Suggestions and Recommendations: Islamic Finance Expanding Rapidly (2007) by IMF(MCM Dept.) Many Islamic products have the thirst to be researched on and provided quite attractive picture for entrepreneur to spot focus on Islamic finance industry. Besides many Islamic retail banking products, Sukuk (i.e. Islamic Bonds à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" despite of the type), Takaful (Insurance) and Tawarruq (AAOIFI standardised loan) are called out as the future for Islamic banking and might have a better attraction to conventional banking world as well. References(s): Aggarwal, R. K. Yousef, T. (2000) Islamic Banking and Investment Financing, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing Ahmad Ausaf (1993) Research Paper 20: Contemporary practices of Islamic financing techniques, Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah Ahmad Ausaf (1987) Development and Problems of Islamic Banks, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah Ayub M. (2007) Understanding Islamic Finance, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester Commerz Bank, Securitisation of Banks, https://cbcm.commerzbank.com/en/site/banks/securitisation_cf_banks/index.jsp [Access Date: 14th August 2010] Deringer (2006), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic finance: basic principles and structuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Freshfields Bruckhaus Consultants, pp 30. Dualeh, S. (1998). Islamic Securitisation: Practical Aspects. Paper presented at the World Conference on Banking, July 8-9, 1998, Geneva. El-Qorchi, Mohammed (2005), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Islamic Finance Gears Up,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Finance and Development (December), International Monetary Fund (IMF), 46-9. Fabozzi, F. J. (ed). (2001). Accessing Capital Markets through Securitisation. New York: Fran J Fabozzi Associates. Hassan Kabir M. Lewis Mervyn K. (2007) Handbook of Islamic Banking, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham IMF, Islamic Finance Expanding Rapidly, URL: [Accessed on: 18th August 2010] https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/res0919b.htm Islamic Credit and Political Risk Insurance, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Useful Risk Management Tool For Banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?URL:https://www.kantakji.com/fiqh/Files/Insurance/Islamic%20Credit%20and%20Political%20Risk%20Insurance.htm [Access Date: 17th August 2010] Jaffar S. (2006) Islamic Retail Banking and Finance: Global Challenges and Opportunities, Euromoney Books, London Jobst, Andreas A. (2006b), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Asset Securitisation: A Refinancing Tool for Firms and Banks,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Managerial Finance, Vol. 32, No. 9, 731-60. Kazarian G. E. (1993) Islamic versus traditional banking: Financial Innovation in Egypt, Boulder: Westview Press Kothari, Vinod (n.d.). Securitisation: a Primer. Available at: URL:https://www.vinodkhotari.com/securitisation.htm, Access Date: 17th August 2010. Manjoo F. A., (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Securitisation: An Important Recipe for Islamic Banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ A Survey, Review of Islamic Economics, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2005, pp.53 Masum Billah, M. (unknown), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sharià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ah Frameworks of Securitisation in the Capital Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ URL: https://www.applied-islamicfinance.com/sp_securitisation_1.htm [Access Date: 10th August 2010] Mullineux, A. W. Murinde, V. (2003) Handbook of International Banking, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham Usmani M. M. T. (1988), An Introduction to Islamic Finance, Islamic Publication, pp. 1-5, Karachi Zaher, Tarek S. Hassan, Kabir M. (2001) A comparative Literature Survey of Islamic Finance and Banking; Financial Markets, Institutions and Intruments, Blackwell, New York

Mother Child And Father Child Relationships Essay

Mother-Child and Father-Child Relationships â€Å"Parent-Child Relationships, Parental Psychological Control, and Aggression: Maternal and Paternal Relationships† written by Murray, Dwyer, Rubin, Knighton-Wisor and Booth-LaForce (2013) sought to understand the role of paternal and maternal parenting in predicting child developmental outcomes. Specifically, the study focused on the examination of the extent to which quality father-to-child and mother-to-child relationships moderate or lessen the impact of adversities arising from ineffective parenting practices on adolescent aggression that may follow. Literature Review Murray et al. (2013) acknowledged the direct correlation between aggression and parent-child relationships. Also, the authors observed that peer influence among the adolescents is on the increase and that parents play a significant role in shaping the group’s aggression outcomes. 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The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 989 Words

In The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthrone looks at three people who all suffer in different ways. Hester Prynne because of her adultery, was driven away by the people of Boston. Roger Chillingworth fueled by his need for revenge rushes into madness. The Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, who is loves by all, is almost pushed into insanity. While it is clear Hester and Chillingworth suffer, Dimmesdale is the one who goes through the worst trial. Hester Prynne, because of her adultery, was driven away by the people of Boston. When Hester commits this crime she thinks she has done the worst sin imaginable. So as the judges sentenced her to three hours standing on the scaffold in the blazing heat, she takes it. When they make her wear an â€Å"A† upon her bosom for the rest of her life, she does. The towns people hate her at first saying â€Å" this women has brought shame upon us all†(Hawthorne 49). They then exile her to the outskirts of town so they do not have to lay their eyes on her. 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